National Institute of Standards and Technology

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Fire Service news

Jul 12

Posted by Admin in Fire Service News | 5 Comments

Firefighters regularly risk their lives in dangerous situations, but most deaths on duty are not directly caused by fire or smoke inhalation. Instead, approximately 40% of on-duty fatalities come from sudden cardiac death.

Now, researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and their colleagues have used a form of AI known as machine learning to accurately identify abnormal cardiac rhythms in firefighters. The researchers hope their work will eventually lead to a portable heart monitor that firefighters could wear to catch early warning signs of heart trouble and prompt them to seek medical attention before it’s too late.

The team, which includes researchers from NIST, the University of Rochester and Google, published its results in the Fire Safety Journal.

Sudden cardiac death claimed the lives of 36 firefighters on duty in 2022, according to the National Fire Protection Association. Sudden cardiac death occurs when an irregular heart rhythm causes the heart to stop pumping blood, most commonly due to a heart attack. Sudden cardiac events kill on-duty firefighters at twice the rate of police officers and four times the rate of other emergency responders.

Firefighters work in remarkably strenuous environments, carrying heavy objects, climbing stairs, and enduring extreme temperatures with a limited ability to cool off. And while they may experience significant discomfort, reports have shown that firefighters often try to push through these situations without realizing they may be at risk for sudden cardiac death.

To address this issue, the NIST researchers got in touch with colleagues from the University of Rochester School of Nursing. A decade ago, Rochester researcher Mary Carey and her colleagues collected 24 hours of electrocardiogram (ECG) data from each of 112 firefighters, who had electrodes strapped to their chests. The ECG data encompassed 16-hour on-duty shifts and eight-hour off-duty shifts during which the firefighters engaged in their daily activities such as answering fire and medical calls, exercising, eating, resting and sleeping.

The researchers then used machine learning and the Rochester dataset to build what they call the Heart Health Monitoring (H2M) model. They trained H2M with 12-second segments of a large portion of the ECG data. Individual heartbeats in the ECGs were classified as normal beats or abnormal beats indicative of irregular heart rhythms such as an atrial fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia.

Once H2M was trained and validated, it analyzed firefighter ECG data from the Rochester dataset that it had not previously seen. When presented with approximately 6,000 abnormal ECG samples, H2M identified them correctly with about 97% accuracy. As a check, H2M was also trained using ECG datasets from non-firefighters. When it used this non-firefighter data, H2M had an error rate of about 40% in identifying cardiac events in the firefighter data.

In the future, the researchers envision that this model could be incorporated into portable heart monitors that firefighters could wear on duty to warn them of cardiac irregularities in real time. Such an AI assistant could be the next best thing to a cardiologist accompanying a crew fighting a fire.

“This technology can save lives,” said Tam, adding that this approach could be broadened to help other groups if the AI is trained with appropriate ECG datasets. “It could benefit not only firefighters but other first responders and additional populations in the general public.”

Tags: chicagoareafire.com, Fire Safety Journal, machine learning to accurately identify abnormal cardiac rhythms in firefighters, National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST, Sudden cardiac death claimed the lives of 36 firefighters on duty in 2022, using AI to help firefighters

National study discusses personnel for high-rise fires

Apr 11

Posted by Admin in Fire Service News | Comments off

This from Bill Post:

Yesterday the National Institute of Standards and Technology released a high rise fire fighting study at the Metropolitan Fire Chiefs conference meeting in Phoenix Arizona. The Chicago Fire Fighters Union Local 2 has already cited it in an effort at negotiations with the city as to why the Chicago Fire Department can’t afford to cut crew size.

From the Chicago Tribune:

The Chicago Fire Department’s union chief on Wednesday brandished a new federal report on fighting high-rise fires to push back against potential job cuts as part of protracted labor negotiations with Mayor Rahm Emanuel’s administration.

The study by the U.S. Commerce Department, the national firefighters union and other organizations focused on response times to blazes in 13-story buildings and found that crews of five or six firefighters put out fires and conducted search-and-rescue operations “significantly faster” than three-person or four-person teams.

The Fire Department contract that lapsed in June requires five firefighters per truck, but Emanuel has left open the possibility of reducing staffing levels. There has been little progress in negotiations since then, but firefighters must work under the old rules for now.

While most of Chicago’s high-rises are concentrated downtown and along the lakefront, Firefighters Union Local 2 President Thomas Ryan argued that other large buildings like schools and factories are found throughout the city and present many of the same challenges. He argued that the report “scientifically proves what we’ve been saying for years” and said cutting the number of firefighters at any firehouse in the city would put the public at risk.

Administration spokesman Bill McCaffrey said high-rise fires are relatively infrequent, so the report represents “a very small portion of properties and fires in the city.”

“And Chicago has highly skilled and well-equipped high-rise response teams, a recently rewritten high-rise response protocol and strict requirements for fire safety in high-rises — these are the most critical factors in maintaining safety in high-rises in Chicago,” McCaffrey said in an email.

Information about the study can be found HERE. Excerpts from the press release:

Landmark High-Rise Fire Study Evaluates Effectiveness of Crew Sizes, Elevator Use

PHOENIX – When responding to fires in high-rise buildings, firefighting crews of five or six members—instead of three or four—are significantly faster in putting out fires and completing search-and-rescue operations, concludes a major new study* carried out by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), in cooperation with five other organizations.

Results of the study, carried out with 13 Washington, D.C.-area fire departments, were presented today at the 2013 Metropolitan Fire Chiefs Conference in Phoenix.

“Unlike most house fires, high-rise fires are high-hazard situations that pose unique operational challenges to fire service response. How big a fire gets and how much danger it poses to occupants and firefighters are largely determined by crew size and how personnel are deployed at the scene,” says lead researcher Jason Averill, a NIST fire protection engineer. “It’s not simply that larger crews have more people. Larger crews are deployed differently and, as a result, are able to perform required tasks more quickly.”

An analysis of 14 “critical tasks”—those undertaken when potential risks to building occupants and firefighters are greatest—found that three-member crews took almost 12 minutes longer than crews of four, 21 minutes longer than crews of five, and 23 minutes longer than crews of six to complete all tasks. Four-person crews took nine minutes and 11 minutes longer than five- and six-member crews, respectively.

The study also looked at the effect of using fire service access elevators to move firefighters and equipment up to the staging floor and concluded that most tasks were started two to four minutes faster when using the elevators compared with using the stairs.

On the basis of the results of computer modeling, which incorporate data from live experimental burns, the study team concluded that smaller crews end up facing larger fires because of the additional time required to complete tasks.

A three-person crew, for example, would battle a medium-growing blaze that is almost 60 percent larger than the fire faced by a six-member crew, which would start extinguishing a fire roughly three-and-one-half minutes earlier. In an office building, this difference is equivalent to four employee cubicles on fire for a three-person crew versus two cubicles for a six-person crew.

Comparing the performances of different-sized crews, the researchers found that adding two members to three- and four-person teams would result in the largest improvements in starting and completing critical tasks, such as advancing the water hose to the fire location and beginning search and rescue. Improvements ranged from one minute to 25 minutes, depending on the task.

The research team also evaluated whether dispatching more three or four-member crews to a high rise fire—accomplished by sounding a higher initial alarm—would be as effective as sending a low first alarm contingent of engines and trucks staffed by more firefighters. They found that a “low-alarm response with crews of size four or five outperforms a high-alarm response with crew sizes smaller by one firefighter.”

“Prior to this experiment, some fire departments attempted to deploy with smaller crews on each piece of apparatus,” explains Lori Moore-Merrell of the International Association of Fire Fighters, a co-principal investigator for the study. “The logic suggested that, if the fire is big enough, just send more units, but it ignores the fact that larger crews have tactical advantages that reduce risk exposure to people and firefighters. Crews of six and even five can carry out crucial tasks in parallel rather than in series. Saving time can save occupant lives and prevent firefighter injuries and property damage.”

The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) defines high-rises as buildings that are seven stories or taller, the height that exceeds most types of fire service ladders. In most U.S. communities, new high- rises are required to have automated sprinkler systems, which are designed to control the spread of fires, not to extinguish them.

But according to the NFPA, 41 percent of U.S. high-rise office buildings, 45 percent of high-rise hotels, and 54 percent of high-rise apartment buildings are not equipped with sprinklers, as compared with 25 percent of hospitals and related facilities. Moreover, sprinkler systems fail in about one in 14 fires.

While much less frequent than house fires, about 43 high-rise fires occur in the United States every day. Between 2005 and 2009, according to the NFPA, high-rise structure fires averaged 15,700 annually. Average annual losses totaled 53 civilian deaths, 546 civilian injuries and $235 million in property damage.